Ukwelashwa kwamanzi angcolile ane-asidi

Amanzi angcolile ane-Acidic amanzi angcolile anenani le-pH elingaphansi kuka-6. Ngokwezinhlobo ezahlukene kanye nokugxila kwama-acids, amanzi angcolile ane-asidi angahlukaniswa abe amanzi angcolile ane-asidi ephilayo kanye namanzi angcolile ane-asidi ephilayo.Amanzi angcolile ane-asidi enamandla namanzi angcolile ane-asidi ebuthakathaka;Amanzi angcolile e-Monoacid kanye namanzi angcolile e-polyacid;Amanzi angcolile ane-acidic aphansi kanye namanzi angcolile ane-acidic ephezulu.Ngokuvamile amanzi angcolile ane-asidi, ngaphezu kokuqukatha i-asidi ethile, ngokuvamile aqukethe ama-ion ensimbi esindayo nosawoti wawo nezinye izinto eziyingozi.Amanzi angcolile ane-Acidic avela emithonjeni ehlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa i-drainage yezimayini, i-hydrometallurgy, i-steel rolling, ukwelashwa kwe-asidi engaphezulu kwensimbi nezinsimbi ezingenayo insimbi, imboni yamakhemikhali, ukukhiqizwa kwe-asidi, odayi, i-electrolysis, i-electroplating, imicu yokwenziwa neminye imikhakha yezimboni.Amanzi angcolile ane-acidic evamile amanzi angcolile e-sulfuric acid, alandelwa yi-hydrochloric acid kanye namanzi angcolile e-nitric acid.Minyaka yonke, iShayina isizokhipha cishe i-cubic metres ye-asidi yemfucuza yezimboni ecishe ibe yisigidi, uma la manzi angcolile ekhishwa ngokuqondile ngaphandle kokwelashwa, ayogqwala amapayipi, alimaze izitshalo, alimaze izinhlanzi, alimaze imikhumbi futhi acekele phansi impilo yemvelo.Amanzi angcolile ane-acid yasezimbonini kufanele aphathwe ukuze ahlangabezane nezindinganiso zikazwelonke zokukhishwa ngaphambi kokuba akhishwe, amanzi angcolile ane-asidi angagaywa kabusha futhi asetshenziswe kabusha.Lapho ukwelapha i-asidi engcolile, izindlela zingakhethwa zihlanganisa ukwelashwa kukasawoti, indlela yokuhlushwa, indlela yokungathathi hlangothi kwamakhemikhali, indlela yokukhipha, indlela ye-ion exchange resin, indlela yokuhlukanisa ulwelwesi, njll.

1. usawoti out recycling

Okubizwa ngokuthi i-salting out ukusebenzisa inani elikhulu lamanzi anosawoti agcwele ukuze kuncishiswe cishe konke ukungcola okuphilayo ku-asidi yemfucuza.Kodwa-ke, le ndlela izokhiqiza i-hydrochloric acid futhi ibe nomthelela ekubuyiseleni nasekusetshenzisweni kwe-sulfuric acid ku-asidi yemfucuza, ngakho-ke indlela yokukhipha usawoti ukungcola kwe-organic ku-asidi yemfucuza ngesisombululo esigcwele i-sodium bisulphate saturated.
I-asidi yemfucumfucu iqukethe i-sulfuric acid kanye nokungcola okuhlukahlukene okuphilayo, okuyinani elincane le-6-chloro-3-nitrotoluene-4 sulfonic acid kanye nama-isomer ahlukahlukene ngaphandle kwe-6-chloro-3-nitrotoluene-4-sulfonic acid ekhiqizwa i-toluene inqubo ye-sulfonation, chlorination kanye ne-nitrification.Indlela yokukhipha usawoti iwukusebenzisa inani elikhulu lamanzi anosawoti agcwele ukudonsa cishe konke ukungcola okuphilayo ku-asidi kadoti.Indlela yokubuyisela usawoti ngaphandle ayikwazi nje ukususa ukungcola okuhlukahlukene kwezinto eziphilayo ku-asidi engcolile, kodwa futhi iphinde ibuyisele i-sulfuric acid ukuze ifakwe ekukhiqizeni umjikelezo, ukonga izindleko namandla.

2. Indlela yokosa

Indlela yokosa isetshenziswa ku-asidi eguquguqukayo njenge-hydrochloric acid, ehlukaniswa nesixazululo ngokugazinga ukuze kutholwe umphumela wokululama.

3. Indlela ye-Chemical neutralization

I-acid-base reaction eyisisekelo ye-H+(aq)+OH-(aq)=H2O iphinde ibe yisisekelo esibalulekile sokwelashwa kwamanzi angcolile ane-asidi.Izindlela ezivamile zokwelapha amanzi angcolile ane-asidi zihlanganisa ukungathathi hlangothi kanye nokugaywa kabusha, ukungathathi hlangothi kwamanzi angcolile ane-acid-base, ukungathathi hlangothi kwezidakamizwa, ukungathathi hlangothi kokuhlunga, njll. Ezinsukwini zokuqala zamabhizinisi athile ensimbi nensimbi eShayina, iningi lawo lalisebenzisa indlela yokukhiqiza. i-acid-base neutralization yokwelapha uketshezi olubi lwe-hydrochloric acid kanye ne-sulfuric acid pickling, ukuze inani le-pH lifinyelele izinga lokukhipha.I-sodium carbonate (i-soda ash), i-sodium hydroxide, i-limestone noma i-lime njengezinto zokusetshenziswa ze-acid-base neutralization, ukusetshenziswa okujwayelekile kushibhile, kulula ukwenza umcako.

4. Indlela yokukhipha

Ukukhishwa kwe-Liquid-liquid, okwaziwa nangokuthi i-solvent extraction, umsebenzi weyunithi esebenzisa umehluko ekuncibilikeni kwezingxenye kuketshezi lwempahla eluhlaza kusinyibilikisi esifanele ukuze kufinyelelwe ukuhlukana.Ekwelapheni amanzi angcolile aqukethe i-asidi, kuyadingeka ukwenza amanzi angcolile ane-asidi kanye ne-solvent ephilayo ukuthintana ngokugcwele, ukuze ukungcola kwe-asidi engcolile kudluliselwe ku-solvent.Izidingo ezikhishwayo yilezi:(1) ngoba i-asidi ewudoti ayisebenzi, ayisabelani ngokwekhemikhali ne-asidi ewudoti, futhi ayincibiliki ku-asidi kadoti;(2) Ukungcola ku-asidi yemfucuza kune-coefficient ephezulu yokuhlukanisa ku-extractant ne-sulfuric acid;(3) Intengo ishibhile futhi kulula ukuyithola;(4) Kulula ukuhlukanisa nokungcola, ukulahlekelwa okuncane lapho ukhumula.Izithako ezijwayelekile zifaka i-benzene (i-toluene, i-nitrobenzene, i-chlorobenzene), i-phenols (i-creosote crude diphenol), ama-halogenated hydrocarbon (i-trichloroethane, i-dichloroethane), i-isopropyl ether ne-N-503.

5. ion exchange resin indlela

Umgomo oyisisekelo wokwelapha uketshezi lwe-organic acid uketshezi nge-ion exchange resin ukuthi ezinye izinhlaka zokushintshana kwe-ion zingamunca ama-asidi e-organic esixazululweni se-asidi ewudoti futhi zingafaki ama-asidi angaphili nosawoti wensimbi ukuze kuzuzwe ukuhlukaniswa kwama-asidi nosawoti ohlukile.

6. indlela yokuhlukanisa ulwelwesi

Ngoketshezi lwemfucuza ene-asidi, izindlela zokwelapha ulwelwesi olufana ne-dialysis kanye ne-electrodialysis nazo zingasetshenziswa.Ukubuyiswa kwe-membrane ye-asidi yemfucuza ikakhulukazi kusebenzisa isimiso se-dialysis, esiqhutshwa umehluko wokugxila.Lonke idivayisi yakhiwe ulwelwesi lwe-dialysis lokusabalalisa, ipuleti lokukhipha uketshezi, ipuleti eliqinisayo, uhlaka lwepuleti lokugeleza kwamanzi, njll., futhi lifinyelela umphumela wokuhlukanisa ngokuhlukanisa izinto kuketshezi olulahlwayo.

7. ukupholisa crystallization indlela

Indlela yokupholisa i-crystallization iyindlela yokunciphisa izinga lokushisa lesisombululo futhi ibangele i-solute.Isetshenziswa enqubweni yokwelapha i-asidi ewudoti ukuthi ukungcola okuku-asidi kadoti kupholiswe ukuze kubuyiselwe isisombululo se-asidi esihlangabezana nezidingo futhi singasetshenziswa kabusha.Isibonelo, imfucumfucu ye-sulfuric acid ekhishwe enkambisweni yokugeza i-acyl yomshini wokugoqa iqukethe inani elikhulu le-ferrous sulfate, eliphathwa ngenqubo yokugxila-crystallization kanye nokuhlunga.Ngemva kokususwa kwe-ferrous sulfate ngokuhlunga, i-asidi ingabuyiselwa enqubweni yokukhetha insimbi ukuze iqhubeke isetshenziswe.
I-crystallization yokupholisa inezinhlelo eziningi zezimboni, eziboniswa lapha ngenqubo yokukhetha ekucubunguleni insimbi.Enqubweni yokucubungula insimbi nemishini, isisombululo se-sulfuric acid sivame ukusetshenziselwa ukususa ukugqwala endaweni yensimbi.Ngakho-ke, ukugaywa kabusha kwe-asidi engcolile kunganciphisa kakhulu izindleko futhi kuvikele imvelo.I-crystallization yokupholisa isetshenziswa embonini ukufeza le nqubo.

8. Indlela ye-oxidation

Le ndlela isetshenziswe isikhathi eside, futhi umgomo ukubola ukungcola okuphilayo kumfucuza we-sulfuric acid ngama-oxidizing agents ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele, ukuze iguqulwe ibe yi-carbon dioxide, amanzi, i-nitrogen oxides, njll, futhi ihlukaniswe ne-sulfuric acid, ukuze imfucuza ye-sulfuric acid ihlanzwe futhi itholakale.Ama-oxidants asetshenziswa kakhulu yi-hydrogen peroxide, i-nitric acid, i-perchloric acid, i-hypochlorous acid, i-nitrate, i-ozone nokunye.I-oxidizer ngayinye inezinzuzo zayo kanye nokulinganiselwa kwayo.