Ukwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka aqukethe i-asidi
Amanzi amdaka ane-asidi yilawa manzi angcolile anenani le-pH elingaphansi kuka-6. Ngokwezinhlobo ezahlukene kanye nokuhlushwa kwama-asidi, amanzi amdaka ane-asidi angahlukaniswa abe amanzi amdaka e-inorganic acid kanye namanzi amdaka e-organic acid. Amanzi amdaka ane-asidi enamandla kanye namanzi amdaka ane-asidi ebuthakathaka; Amanzi amdaka e-monoacid kanye namanzi amdaka e-polyacid; Amanzi amdaka ane-asidi aphansi kanye namanzi amdaka ane-asidi aqinile. Ngokuvamile amanzi amdaka ane-asidi, ngaphezu kokuqukatha i-asidi ethile, avame futhi ukuqukatha ama-ion ensimbi esindayo kanye nosawoti wawo kanye nezinye izinto eziyingozi. Amanzi amdaka ane-asidi avela emithonjeni ehlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ukugeleza kwemigodi, i-hydrometallurgy, ukugoqa insimbi, ukwelashwa kwe-surface acid yensimbi nezinsimbi ezingezona i-ferrous, imboni yamakhemikhali, ukukhiqizwa kwe-asidi, udayi, i-electrolysis, i-electroplating, imicu yokwenziwa kanye neminye imikhakha yezimboni. Amanzi amdaka avamile ane-asidi yilawa manzi amdaka e-sulfuric acid, alandelwe amanzi amdaka e-hydrochloric acid kanye ne-nitric acid. Njalo ngonyaka, iShayina isizokhipha cishe ama-cubic metres ayisigidi se-asidi yemfucuza yezimboni, uma la manzi amdaka ekhishwa ngqo ngaphandle kokwelashwa, azolimaza amapayipi, alimaze izitshalo, alimaze izinhlanzi, alimaze imikhumbi, futhi alimaze impilo yemvelo. Amanzi amdaka e-asidi yezimboni kumele aphathwe ukuze ahlangabezane nezindinganiso zokukhishwa kwe-asidi kazwelonke ngaphambi kokukhishwa, amanzi amdaka e-asidi angaphinde asetshenziswe futhi asetshenziswe. Lapho kwelashwa i-asidi emdaka, izindlela zingakhethwa zifaka phakathi ukwelashwa ngosawoti, indlela yokuhlushwa, indlela yokunciphisa amakhemikhali, indlela yokukhipha, indlela yokushintshanisa i-ion resin, indlela yokuhlukanisa i-membrane, njll.
1. ukuphinda usebenzise usawoti
Okubizwa ngokuthi usawoti ngaphandle ukusebenzisa inani elikhulu lamanzi anosawoti agcwele ukuze kususwe cishe konke ukungcola okungokwemvelo ku-asidi engcolile. Kodwa-ke, le ndlela izokhiqiza i-hydrochloric acid futhi ithinte ukubuyiswa nokusetshenziswa kwe-sulfuric acid ku-asidi engcolile, ngakho-ke indlela yosawoti ukukhipha ukungcola okungokwemvelo ku-asidi engcolile ngesisombululo esigcwele se-sodium bisulphate yafundwa.
I-asidi engcolile iqukethe i-sulfuric acid kanye nokungcola okuhlukahlukene okungokwemvelo, okuyinani elincane kakhulu le-6-chloro-3-nitrotoluene-4 sulfonic acid kanye nama-isomer ahlukahlukene ngaphandle kwe-6-chloro-3-nitrotoluene-4-sulfonic acid akhiqizwa yi-toluene enqubweni ye-sulfonation, i-chlorination kanye ne-nitrification. Indlela yokukhipha usawoti ukusebenzisa inani elikhulu lamanzi anosawoti agcwele ukuze kususwe cishe konke ukungcola okungokwemvelo ku-asidi engcolile. Indlela yokuvuselela usawoti ayikwazi ukususa kuphela ukungcola okuhlukahlukene okungokwemvelo ku-asidi engcolile, kodwa futhi ibuyise i-asidi ye-sulfuric ukuze ifake ekukhiqizweni komjikelezo, konge izindleko namandla.
2. Indlela yokosa
Indlela yokosa isetshenziswa ku-asidi eguquguqukayo njenge-hydrochloric acid, ehlukaniswa nesisombululo ngokuyosa ukuze kufezwe umphumela wokubuyisa.
3. Indlela yokunciphisa amakhemikhali
Ukusabela okuyisisekelo kwe-asidi-base kwe-H+(aq)+OH-(aq)=H2O nakho kuyisisekelo esibalulekile sokwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka aqukethe i-asidi. Izindlela ezivamile zokwelapha amanzi amdaka aqukethe i-asidi zifaka phakathi ukuncishiswa nokuvuselelwa kabusha, ukuncishiswa kwamanzi amdaka asekelwe ku-asidi, ukuncishiswa kwemithi, ukuncishiswa kokuhlunga, njll. Ezinsukwini zokuqala zamabhizinisi athile ensimbi nasensimbi eShayina, iningi lawo lasebenzisa indlela yokuncishiswa kwe-asidi-base ukwelapha uketshezi olungcolile lwe-hydrochloric acid kanye ne-sulfuric acid pickling, ukuze inani le-pH lifinyelele izinga lokukhishwa. I-Sodium carbonate (i-soda ash), i-sodium hydroxide, i-limestone noma i-lime njengezinto zokusetshenziswa zokuncishiswa kwe-asidi-base, ukusetshenziswa okuvamile kushibhile, kulula ukwenza i-lime.
4. Indlela yokukhipha
Ukukhishwa koketshezi oluyi-liquid, okwaziwa nangokuthi ukukhishwa kwe-solvent, kuwumsebenzi weyunithi osebenzisa umehluko ekuncibilikeni kwezingxenye kuketshezi lwezinto zokusetshenziswa ku-solvent efanele ukuze kufezwe ukuhlukaniswa. Ekwelapheni amanzi amdaka aqukethe i-asidi, kuyadingeka ukwenza amanzi amdaka aqukethe i-asidi kanye ne-organic solvent kuthintane ngokugcwele, ukuze ukungcola okuku-acid emdaka kudluliselwe ku-solvent. Izidingo ze-extractant yilezi: (1) ngoba i-acid emdaka ayisebenzi, ayisabelani ngamakhemikhali ne-acid emdaka, futhi ayincibiliki ku-acid emdaka; (2) Ukungcola okuku-acid emdaka kune-coefficient ephezulu yokuhlukanisa ku-extractant kanye ne-sulfuric acid; (3) Intengo ishibhile futhi kulula ukuyithola; (4) Kulula ukuhlukanisa nokungcola, ukulahlekelwa okuncane lapho kuhlungwa. Izinto ezivamile zokukhipha zihlanganisa i-benzene (i-toluene, i-nitrobenzene, i-chlorobenzene), ama-phenols (i-creosote crude diphenol), ama-hydrocarbons e-halogenated (i-trichloroethane, i-dichloroethane), i-isopropyl ether kanye ne-N-503.
5. indlela yokushintshanisa i-ion resin
Isimiso esiyisisekelo sokwelapha uketshezi lwemfucuza ye-organic acid nge-ion exchange resin ukuthi amanye ama-ion exchange resins angamunca ama-organic acid esisombululo se-waste acid futhi akhiphe ama-inorganic acid kanye nosawoti wensimbi ukuze kufezwe ukuhlukaniswa kwama-acids nosawoti ahlukene.
6. indlela yokuhlukanisa ulwelwesi
Koketshezi olune-acidic waste, izindlela zokwelapha i-membrane ezifana ne-dialysis kanye ne-electrodialysis nazo zingasetshenziswa. Ukubuyiswa kwe-membrane ye-waste acid kusebenzisa kakhulu isimiso se-dialysis, esiqhutshwa umehluko wokuhlushwa. Lonke idivayisi lakhiwe i-disfusion dialysis membrane, ipuleti lokukhipha uketshezi, ipuleti lokuqinisa, uhlaka lwepuleti lokugeleza koketshezi, njll., futhi kufeza umphumela wokuhlukanisa ngokuhlukanisa izinto kuketshezi olune-waste.
7. indlela yokupholisa i-crystallization
Indlela yokupholisa i-crystallization iyindlela yokunciphisa izinga lokushisa lesisombululo nokunciphisa i-solute. Isetshenziswa enkambisweni yokwelapha i-waste acid ukuthi ukungcola okuku-waste acid kupholiswe ukuze kutholakale isisombululo se-asidi esihlangabezana nezidingo futhi singasetshenziswa kabusha. Isibonelo, i-waste sulfuric acid ekhishwa enkambisweni yokuwasha i-acyl ye-rolling mill iqukethe inani elikhulu le-ferrous sulfate, ephathwa ngenqubo yokugxilisa i-concentration-crystallization kanye nokuhlunga. Ngemva kokususwa kwe-ferrous sulfate ngokuhlunga, i-asidi ingabuyiselwa enkambisweni yokugaya insimbi ukuze iqhubeke nokusetshenziswa.
Ukupholisa i-crystallization kunezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi zezimboni, eziboniswa lapha yinqubo yokupheka ekucutshungulweni kwensimbi. Enqubweni yokucubungula insimbi nokwemishini, isixazululo se-sulfuric acid sivame ukusetshenziswa ukususa ukugqwala ebusweni bensimbi. Ngakho-ke, ukuphinda kusetshenziswe i-asidi elahliwe kunganciphisa kakhulu izindleko futhi kuvikele imvelo. Ukupholisa i-crystallization kusetshenziswa embonini ukufeza le nqubo.
8. Indlela yokuxuba i-oxidation
Le ndlela ibilokhu isetshenziswa isikhathi eside, futhi isimiso siwukubola ukungcola okuphilayo ku-waste sulfuric acid ngama-oxidizing agents ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele, ukuze iguqulwe ibe yi-carbon dioxide, amanzi, ama-nitrogen oxides, njll., bese ihlukaniswa ne-sulfuric acid, ukuze i-waste sulfuric acid ihlanzwe futhi ibuyiselwe. Ama-oxidants asetshenziswa kakhulu yi-hydrogen peroxide, i-nitric acid, i-perchloric acid, i-hypochlorous acid, i-nitrate, i-ozone njalonjalo. I-oxidizer ngayinye inezinzuzo kanye nemikhawulo yayo.