Amakhemikhali kanye nenqubo yokususa i-ammonia nitrogen emanzini
1. Iyini i-ammonia nitrogen?
I-ammonia nitrogen ibhekisela ku-ammonia ngesimo se-ammonia yamahhala (noma i-ammonia engeyona i-ionic, i-NH3) noma i-ammonia ye-ionic (NH4+). I-pH ephezulu kanye nesilinganiso esiphezulu se-ammonia yamahhala; Ngokuphambene nalokho, isilinganiso sikasawoti we-ammonium siphezulu.
I-ammonia nitrogen iyisakhi esitholakala emanzini, esingaholela ekuwohlokeni kwamanzi, futhi iwumngcolisi oyinhloko odla umoya-mpilo emanzini, okuyinto enobuthi ezinhlanzini nakwezinye izinto eziphilayo zasemanzini.
Umphumela oyinhloko olimazayo we-ammonia nitrogen ezintweni eziphilayo zasemanzini yi-ammonia yamahhala, enobuthi obukhulu ngokuphindwe kaningi kunosawoti we-ammonium, futhi iyanda ngokukhuphuka kwe-alkalinity. Ubuthi be-ammonia nitrogen buhlobene eduze nenani le-pH kanye nokushisa kwamanzi emanzini echibini, ngokuvamile, lapho inani le-pH kanye nokushisa kwamanzi kuphakeme, kulapho ubuthi buqina khona.
Izindlela ezimbili ezilinganiselwe zokulinganisa umbala ezivame ukusetshenziswa ukunquma i-ammonia yindlela ye-Nessler reagent yakudala kanye nendlela ye-phenol-hypochlorite. Izindlela zokulinganisa kanye nezindlela zikagesi nazo zivame ukusetshenziswa ukunquma i-ammonia; Uma okuqukethwe kwe-ammonia nitrogen kuphezulu, indlela yokulinganisa i-distillation ingasetshenziswa futhi. (Izindinganiso zikazwelonke zifaka phakathi indlela ye-Nath's reagent, i-salicylic acid spectrophotometry, indlela yokulinganisa i-distillation - titration)
2. Inqubo yokususa i-nitrogen engokwenyama neyamakhemikhali
① Indlela yokukhipha imvula ngamakhemikhali
Indlela yokwehliswa kwamakhemikhali, eyaziwa nangokuthi indlela yokwehliswa kwe-MAP, iwukufaka i-magnesium ne-phosphoric acid noma i-hydrogen phosphate emanzini angcolile aqukethe i-ammonia nitrogen, ukuze i-NH4+ emanzini angcolile isabelane ne-Mg+ kanye ne-PO4- esixazululweni samanzi ukukhiqiza ukwehliswa kwe-ammonium magnesium phosphate, ifomula yama-molecule yi-MgNH4P04.6H20, ukuze kufezwe injongo yokususa i-ammonia nitrogen. I-Magnesium ammonium phosphate, eyaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi i-struvite, ingasetshenziswa njengomquba, isithasiselo somhlabathi noma isithibi somlilo sokwakha imikhiqizo yesakhiwo. I-equation yokusabela imi kanje:
I-Mg++ NH4 + + PO4 – = I-MgNH4P04
Izici eziyinhloko ezithinta umphumela wokwelashwa kwemvula yamakhemikhali yinani le-pH, izinga lokushisa, ukuhlushwa kwe-ammonia nitrogen kanye nesilinganiso se-molar (n(Mg+) : n(NH4+) : n(P04-)). Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi uma inani le-pH lingu-10 kanye nesilinganiso se-molar se-magnesium, i-nitrogen kanye ne-phosphorus singu-1.2:1:1.2, umphumela wokwelashwa ungcono.
Kusetshenziswa i-magnesium chloride kanye ne-disodium hydrogen phosphate njengezinto ezibangela ukuminyana, imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi umphumela wokwelapha ungcono uma inani le-pH lingu-9.5 kanye nesilinganiso se-molar se-magnesium, i-nitrogen kanye ne-phosphorus singu-1.2:1:1.
Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi i-MgC12+Na3PO4.12H20 ingcono kunezinye izinhlanganisela ze-precipitating agent. Uma inani le-pH lingu-10.0, izinga lokushisa lingu-30℃, n(Mg+) : n(NH4+) : n(P04-)= 1:1:1, ukugcwala kwe-ammonia nitrogen emanzini angcolile ngemva kokuxubha imizuzu engama-30 kuncishiswa kusuka ku-222mg/L ngaphambi kokwelashwa kuya ku-17mg/L, kanti izinga lokususa lingu-92.3%.
Indlela yokukhipha amakhemikhali kanye nendlela yokukhipha ulwelwesi oluwuketshezi kwahlanganiswa ukuze kuphathwe amanzi angcolile e-ammonia nitrogen ezimbonini agcwele kakhulu. Ngaphansi kwezimo zokuthuthukisa inqubo yokukhipha amaminerali, izinga lokususwa kwe-ammonia nitrogen lafinyelela ku-98.1%, kwabe sekwelashwa okwengeziwe ngendlela yokukhipha amakhemikhali kunciphisa ukugcwala kwe-ammonia nitrogen kwaba ngu-0.005g/L, kwafinyelela izinga lokukhishwa kwegesi elisezingeni eliphezulu likazwelonke.
Umphumela wokususwa kwama-ion ensimbi ahlukene (i-Ni+, i-Mn+, i-Zn+, i-Cu+, i-Fe+) ngaphandle kwe-Mg+ ku-nitrogen ye-ammonia ngaphansi kwesenzo se-phosphate uhlolisisiwe. Inqubo entsha yokususwa kwe-CaSO4 precipitation-MAP yamanzi angcolile e-ammonium sulfate. Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi umlawuli wendabuko we-NaOH ungashintshwa yi-lime.
Inzuzo yendlela yokupholisa amakhemikhali ukuthi lapho ukugcwala kwamanzi amdaka e-ammonia nitrogen kuphezulu, ukusetshenziswa kwezinye izindlela kunqunyelwe, njengendlela yezinto eziphilayo, indlela yokukhipha i-chlorination, indlela yokuhlukanisa i-membrane, indlela yokushintshanisa ama-ion, njll. Ngalesi sikhathi, indlela yokupholisa amakhemikhali ingasetshenziswa ngaphambi kokwelashwa. Ukusebenza kahle kokususa indlela yokupholisa amakhemikhali kungcono, futhi akunqunyelwe izinga lokushisa, futhi ukusebenza kulula. I-sludge efakwe i-magnesium ammonium phosphate ingasetshenziswa njengomanyolo ohlanganisiwe ukuze kufezwe ukusetshenziswa kwemfucuza, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe ingxenye yezindleko; Uma ingahlanganiswa namanye amabhizinisi ezimboni akhiqiza amanzi amdaka e-phosphate kanye namabhizinisi akhiqiza usawoti osawoti, ingonga izindleko zemithi futhi ihlinzeke ngokusetshenziswa okukhulu.
Ububi bendlela yokukhipha amakhemikhali ukuthi ngenxa yokuvinjelwa komkhiqizo wokuncibilika kwe-ammonium magnesium phosphate, ngemva kokuba i-ammonia nitrogen emanzini angcolile ifinyelele ekugxilweni okuthile, umphumela wokususa awubonakali futhi izindleko zokufaka ziyanda kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, indlela yokukhipha amakhemikhali kufanele isetshenziswe kanye nezinye izindlela ezifanele ukwelashwa okuthuthukisiwe. Inani le-reagent esetshenziswayo likhulu, udaka olukhiqizwayo lukhulu, kanti izindleko zokwelashwa ziphakeme. Ukwethulwa kwama-ion e-chloride kanye ne-phosphorus esele ngesikhathi sokufakwa kwamakhemikhali kungabangela kalula ukungcola kwesibili.
Umkhiqizi kanye Nomhlinzeki We-Aluminium Sulfate Othengiswayo | EVERBRIGHT (cnchemist.com)
② indlela yokususa umsindo
Indlela yokususa i-ammonia nitrogen ngendlela yokufutha iwukulungisa inani le-pH libe yi-alkaline, ukuze i-ammonia ion emanzini angcolile iguqulwe ibe yi-ammonia, ukuze ibe khona ikakhulukazi ngesimo se-ammonia yamahhala, bese i-ammonia yamahhala ikhishwa emanzini angcolile ngegesi ethwalayo, ukuze kufezwe injongo yokususa i-ammonia nitrogen. Izici eziyinhloko ezithinta ukusebenza kahle kokufutha yinani le-pH, izinga lokushisa, isilinganiso segesi-uketshezi, izinga lokugeleza kwegesi, ukuhlushwa kokuqala njalo njalo. Njengamanje, indlela yokufutha isetshenziswa kabanzi ekwelapheni amanzi angcolile ane-ammonia nitrogen eningi.
Ukususwa kwe-ammonia nitrogen ekungcolisweni kwemfucuza ngendlela yokuqothula kwafundwa. Kwatholakala ukuthi izici ezibalulekile ezilawula ukusebenza kahle kokungcoliswa kwemfucuza kwakuyizinga lokushisa, isilinganiso segesi-uketshezi kanye nenani le-pH. Uma izinga lokushisa lamanzi lingaphezu kuka-2590, isilinganiso segesi-uketshezi singaba ngu-3500, kanti i-pH icishe ibe ngu-10.5, izinga lokususwa lingafinyelela ngaphezu kuka-90% we-leachate yokulahla imfucuza kanye nokuhlushwa kwe-ammonia nitrogen okuphezulu njengo-2000-4000mg/L. Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi uma i-pH = 11.5, izinga lokushisa lokuhlubula lingu-80cC kanti isikhathi sokuhlubula singamaminithi angu-120, izinga lokususwa kwe-ammonia nitrogen emanzini angcolile lingafinyelela ku-99.2%.
Ukusebenza kahle kokuvunguza kwamanzi amdaka e-ammonia nitrogen anezinga eliphezulu kwenziwa ngombhoshongo wokuvunguza ophikisanayo. Imiphumela ibonise ukuthi ukusebenza kahle kokuvunguza kwanda ngokukhuphuka kwenani le-pH. Uma isilinganiso segesi noketshezi sikhulu, amandla amakhulu okudlulisa i-ammonia stripping mass, futhi ukusebenza kahle kokuvunguza kwanda.
Ukususwa kwe-ammonia nitrogen ngendlela yokufutha kuyasebenza, kulula ukuyisebenzisa futhi kulula ukuyilawula. I-ammonia nitrogen efuthwayo ingasetshenziswa njengesimunca i-sulfuric acid, kanti imali ye-sulfuric acid ekhiqizwayo ingasetshenziswa njengomanyolo. Indlela yokufutha iwubuchwepheshe obusetshenziswa kakhulu ekususweni kwe-nitrogen ebonakalayo neyamakhemikhali njengamanje. Kodwa-ke, indlela yokufutha inezinkinga ezithile, njengokukhuliswa njalo embhoshongweni wokufutha, ukusebenza kahle kokususa i-nitrogen ye-ammonia ephansi ekushiseni okuphansi, kanye nokungcola kwesibili okubangelwa yigesi yokufutha. Indlela yokufutha ngokuvamile ihlanganiswa nezinye izindlela zokwelapha amanzi angcolile e-ammonia nitrogen ukuze kulungiswe kusengaphambili amanzi angcolile e-ammonia nitrogen anezinga eliphezulu lokuhlushwa.
③Ukufakwa kwe-chlorine endaweni yokuphuka
Indlela yokususa i-ammonia nge-break point chlorination ukuthi igesi ye-chlorine isabela ne-ammonia ukuze ikhiqize igesi ye-nitrogen engenangozi, bese i-N2 iphuma iye emkhathini, okwenza umthombo wokusabela uqhubeke uye kwesokudla. Ifomula yokusabela ithi:
I-HOCl NH4 + + 1.5 – > 0.5 N2 H20 H++ Cl – 1.5 + 2.5 + 1.5)
Uma igesi ye-chlorine idluliselwa emanzini angcolile iye endaweni ethile, okuqukethwe yi-chlorine yamahhala emanzini kuphansi, kanti ukuhlushwa kwe-ammonia kuba yi-zero. Uma inani legesi ye-chlorine lidlula iphuzu, inani le-chlorine yamahhala emanzini lizokhula, ngakho-ke, iphuzu libizwa ngokuthi iphuzu lokuphumula, kanti i-chlorination kulesi simo ibizwa ngokuthi i-chlorination yephuphu lokuphumula.
Indlela yokufaka i-chlorination endaweni yokuphuka isetshenziswa ukwelapha amanzi amdaka okubhoboza ngemva kokuvunguza kwe-nitrogen ye-ammonia, futhi umphumela wokwelapha uthintwa ngqo yinqubo yokuvunguza kwe-nitrogen ye-ammonia ngaphambi kokwelashwa. Lapho u-70% we-nitrogen ye-ammonia emanzini amdaka esuswa ngenqubo yokuvunguza bese ephathwa nge-chlorination endaweni yokuphuka, ukugcwala kwe-nitrogen ye-ammonia emanzini angcolile kungaphansi kuka-15mg/L. UZhang Shengli nabanye bathathe amanzi amdaka e-ammonia nitrogen alingisiwe anokugcwala kwe-100mg/L njengenhloso yocwaningo, futhi imiphumela yocwaningo ibonise ukuthi izici eziyinhloko nezesibili ezithinta ukususwa kwe-nitrogen ye-ammonia nge-oxidation ye-sodium hypochlorite kwakuyisilinganiso senani le-chlorine ne-nitrogen ye-ammonia, isikhathi sokusabela, kanye nenani le-pH.
Indlela yokufaka i-chlorination endaweni yokuphuka inamandla okususa i-nitrogen ephezulu, izinga lokususa lingafinyelela ku-100%, kanti ukugcwala kwe-ammonia emanzini angcolile kungancishiswa kube yi-zero. Umphumela uzinzile futhi awuthinteki izinga lokushisa; Imishini yokutshala imali encane, impendulo esheshayo nephelele; Inomphumela wokubulala amagciwane kanye nokubulala amagciwane emzimbeni wamanzi. Ububanzi bokusetshenziswa kwendlela yokufaka i-chlorination endaweni yokuphuka ukuthi ukugcwala kwamanzi angcolile e-ammonia nitrogen kungaphansi kuka-40mg/L, ngakho-ke indlela yokufaka i-chlorination endaweni yokuphuka isetshenziswa kakhulu ekwelapheni okuthuthukisiwe kwamanzi angcolile e-ammonia nitrogen. Isidingo sokusetshenziswa nokugcinwa okuphephile siphezulu, izindleko zokwelashwa ziphezulu, kanti ama-chloramine kanye nezinto eziphilayo ezifakwe i-chlorinated kuzobangela ukungcola kwesibili.
④indlela yokuxilisa nge-catalytic
Indlela ye-catalytic oxidation iwukusebenzisa isenzo se-catalyst, ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa elithile kanye nengcindezi, ngokusebenzisa i-oxidation yomoya, izinto eziphilayo kanye ne-ammonia emanzini angcolile kungaxutshwa futhi kubole kube izinto ezingenabungozi njenge-CO2, i-N2 kanye ne-H2O, ukuze kufezwe injongo yokuhlanzwa.
Izici ezithinta umphumela we-catalytic oxidation yizici ze-catalyst, izinga lokushisa, isikhathi sokusabela, inani le-pH, ukuhlushwa kwe-ammonia nitrogen, ingcindezi, amandla okuvuselela njalo njalo.
Inqubo yokuwohloka kwe-ozonated ammonia nitrogen yafundwa. Imiphumela ibonise ukuthi lapho inani le-pH likhuphuka, kwakhiqizwa uhlobo lwe-HO radical enekhono elinamandla lokuwohloka, futhi izinga lokuwohloka lasheshiswa kakhulu. Izifundo zibonisa ukuthi i-ozone ingakwazi ukuwohloka i-ammonia nitrogen ibe yi-nitrite kanye ne-nitrite ibe yi-nitrate. Ukuhlushwa kwe-ammonia nitrogen emanzini kwehla ngokwanda kwesikhathi, kanti izinga lokususwa kwe-ammonia nitrogen licishe libe ngu-82%. I-CuO-Mn02-Ce02 yasetshenziswa njengesihluthulelo esihlanganisiwe sokwelapha amanzi angcolile e-ammonia nitrogen. Imiphumela yokuhlola ikhombisa ukuthi umsebenzi wokuwohloka kwe-composite catalyst esanda kulungiswa uthuthukiswa kakhulu, futhi izimo zenqubo ezifanele ziyi-255℃, 4.2MPa kanye ne-pH=10.8. Ekwelapheni amanzi angcolile e-ammonia nitrogen ngokuhlushwa kokuqala okungu-1023mg/L, izinga lokususwa kwe-ammonia nitrogen lingafinyelela ku-98% zingakapheli imizuzu eyi-150, lifinyelele ezingeni likazwelonke lokukhishwa kwesibili (50mg/L).
Ukusebenza kwe-catalytic kwe-zeolite esekelwa yi-TiO2 photocatalyst kuhlolwe ngokutadisha izinga lokuwohloka kwe-ammonia nitrogen esixazululweni se-sulfuric acid. Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi umthamo ofanele we-Ti02/ zeolite photocatalyst ungu-1.5g/L kanti isikhathi sokusabela singamahora ama-4 ngaphansi kwemisebe ye-ultraviolet. Izinga lokususwa kwe-ammonia nitrogen emanzini angcolile lingafinyelela ku-98.92%. Umphumela wokususwa kwe-iron ephezulu ne-nano-chin dioxide ngaphansi kokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet ku-phenol ne-ammonia nitrogen wafundwa. Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi izinga lokususwa kwe-ammonia nitrogen lingu-97.5% lapho i-pH=9.0 isetshenziswa esixazululweni se-ammonia nitrogen esinokugxila okungu-50mg/L, okungu-7.8% no-22.5% okuphezulu kune-iron ephezulu noma i-Chine dioxide kuphela.
Indlela ye-catalytic oxidation inezinzuzo zokusebenza kahle kokuhlanza okuphezulu, inqubo elula, indawo encane engezansi, njll., futhi ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukwelapha amanzi angcolile e-ammonia nitrogen agcwele ukugcwala. Ubunzima bokusebenzisa ukuthi ungakuvimbela kanjani ukulahleka kwe-catalyst kanye nokuvikelwa kokugqwala kwemishini.
⑤ indlela yokuxiliswa kwe-electrochemical
Indlela ye-electrochemical oxidation ibhekisela endleleni yokususa ukungcola emanzini ngokusebenzisa i-electrooxidation enomsebenzi we-catalytic. Izici ezithonyayo ubuningi bamanje, izinga lokugeleza kokungena, isikhathi sokuphuma kanye nesikhathi sesixazululo sephuzu.
Kufundwe ukucutshungulwa kwe-electrochemical kwamanzi amdaka e-ammonia-nitrogen kuseli le-electrolytic elijikelezayo, lapho okuhle kungugesi wenethiwekhi ye-Ti/Ru02-TiO2-Ir02-SnO2 kanti okubi kungugesi wenethiwekhi ye-Ti. Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi lapho ukucutshungulwa kwe-ion ye-chloride kungu-400mg/L, ukucutshungulwa kokuqala kwe-nitrogen ye-ammonia kungu-40mg/L, izinga lokugeleza elinamandla lingu-600mL/min, ubuningi bamanje bungu-20mA/cm, kanti isikhathi se-electrolytic singamaminithi angu-90, izinga lokususwa kwe-nitrogen ye-ammonia lingu-99.37%. Kubonisa ukuthi ukucutshungulwa kwe-electrolytic kwamanzi amdaka e-ammonia-nitrogen kunethuba elihle lokusetshenziswa.
3. Inqubo yokususa i-nitrogen yamakhemikhali
① i-nitrification yonke kanye ne-denitrification
I-nitrification yenqubo yonke kanye ne-denitrification uhlobo lwendlela yezinto eziphilayo ebilokhu isetshenziswa kabanzi isikhathi eside njengamanje. Iguqula i-ammonia nitrogen emanzini angcolile ibe yi-nitrogen ngokusebenzisa uchungechunge lwezenzo ezifana ne-nitrification kanye ne-denitrification ngaphansi kwesenzo sezinto ezincane ezihlukahlukene, ukuze kufezwe injongo yokwelashwa kwamanzi angcolile. Inqubo ye-nitrification kanye ne-denitrification yokususa i-ammonia nitrogen idinga ukudlula ezigabeni ezimbili:
Ukusabela kwe-nitrification: Ukusabela kwe-nitrification kuqedwa yi-aerobic autotrophic microorganisms. Esimweni se-aerobic, i-nitrogen engakhiqizi isetshenziswa njengomthombo we-nitrogen ukuguqula i-NH4+ ibe yi-NO2-, bese i-oxidized ibe yi-NO3-. Inqubo ye-nitrification ingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezimbili. Esigabeni sesibili, i-nitrite iguqulwa ibe yi-nitrate (NO3-) ngokufaka amabhaktheriya e-nitri, kanti i-nitrite iguqulwa ibe yi-nitrate (NO3-) ngokufaka amabhaktheriya e-nitri.
Ukusabela kwe-Denitrification: Ukusabela kwe-Denitrification inqubo lapho amabhaktheriya anciphisa i-nitrogen ye-nitrite kanye ne-nitrogen ye-nitrate ibe yi-nitrogen yegesi (i-N2) esimweni se-hypoxia. Amabhaktheriya anciphisa i-nitrogen angama-microorganisms angenawo umoya, iningi lawo elingelamabhaktheriya ahlala emanzini. Esimweni se-hypoxia, asebenzisa i-oxygen ku-nitrate njengokwamukela ama-electron kanye nezinto eziphilayo (ingxenye ye-BOD emanzini angcolile) njengomnikeli wama-electron ukuze anikeze amandla futhi ancishiswe futhi azinze.
Inqubo yonke yokufaka i-nitrification kanye ne-denitrification engineering ifaka phakathi i-AO, i-A2O, i-oxidation ditch, njll., okuyindlela evuthiwe esetshenziswa embonini yokususa i-nitrogen yezinto eziphilayo.
Indlela yonke ye-nitrification kanye ne-denitrification inezinzuzo zomphumela ozinzile, ukusebenza okulula, ukungangcolisi kwesibili kanye nezindleko eziphansi. Le ndlela inezinkinga ezithile, njengokuthi umthombo wekhabhoni kumele wengezwe lapho isilinganiso se-C/N emanzini amdaka siphansi, isidingo sokushisa siqinile, ukusebenza kahle kuphansi ekushiseni okuphansi, indawo inkulu, isidingo se-oxygen sikhulu, kanti ezinye izinto eziyingozi njenge-heavy metal ion zinomthelela ocindezelayo kuma-microorganisms, okudingeka asuswe ngaphambi kokuba indlela yezinto eziphilayo yenziwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugcwala okuphezulu kwe-ammonia nitrogen emanzini amdaka nakho kunomphumela wokuvimbela inqubo ye-nitrification. Ngakho-ke, ukwelashwa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi kufanele kwenziwe ngaphambi kokwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka e-ammonia nitrogen aqukethe ukugcwala okuphezulu ukuze ukugcwala kwamanzi amdaka e-ammonia nitrogen kungaphansi kuka-500mg/L. Indlela yendabuko yezinto eziphilayo ifanele ukwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka e-ammonia nitrogen aqukethe izinto eziphilayo, njengendle yasekhaya, amanzi amdaka amakhemikhali, njll.
②Ukuqinisekiswa kanye nokuchithwa kwe-nitrification ngesikhathi esisodwa (SND)
Uma i-nitrification kanye ne-denitrification zenziwa ndawonye ku-reactor efanayo, ibizwa ngokuthi i-simultaneous digestion denitrification (SND). I-oxygen encibilikisiwe emanzini angcolile inqunyelwe yisilinganiso sokusabalalisa ukuze ikhiqize i-gradient ye-oxygen encibilikisiwe endaweni ye-microenvironment ku-microbial floc noma i-biofilm, okwenza i-gradient ye-oxygen encibilikisiwe ebusweni bangaphandle be-microbial floc noma i-biofilm ekhuthaza ukukhula nokusabalala kwamagciwane e-aerobic nitrifying kanye namagciwane e-ammoniating. Lapho ijula ku-floc noma ulwelwesi, kulapho ukugcwala kwe-oxygen encibilikisiwe kwehla, okuholela endaweni ye-anoxic lapho amagciwane e-denitrifying ebusa khona. Ngakho-ke kwakha inqubo yokugaya kanye ne-denitrification ngesikhathi esisodwa. Izici ezithinta ukugaya kanye ne-denitrification ngesikhathi esisodwa yi-PH value, izinga lokushisa, i-alkalinity, umthombo we-organic carbon, i-oxygen encibilikisiwe kanye nobudala be-sludge.
I-nitrification/denitrification ngesikhathi esisodwa yayikhona emgodini we-oxidation we-Carrousel, futhi ukuhlushwa komoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe phakathi kwe-impeller evuvukele emgodini we-oxidation we-Carrousel kwehla kancane kancane, kanti umoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe engxenyeni engezansi yomgodi we-oxidation we-Carrousel wawuphansi kunalowo osengxenyeni engenhla. Amazinga okwakheka nokusetshenziswa kwe-nitrate nitrogen engxenyeni ngayinye yomzila cishe alingana, futhi ukuhlushwa kwe-ammonia nitrogen esiteshini kuhlala kuphansi kakhulu, okubonisa ukuthi ukusabela kwe-nitrification kanye ne-denitrification kwenzeka ngesikhathi esisodwa esiteshini se-oxidation se-Carrousel.
Ucwaningo mayelana nokwelashwa kwendle yasekhaya lubonisa ukuthi uma i-CODCr iphakeme, i-denitrification iphelele kakhulu futhi kungcono ukususwa kwe-TN. Umphumela we-oxygen encibilikisiwe ku-nitrification kanye ne-denitrification ngesikhathi esisodwa muhle kakhulu. Uma i-oxygen encibilikisiwe ilawulwa ku-0.5~2mg/L, umphumela wokususwa kwe-nitrogen iyonke uba muhle. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, indlela ye-nitrification kanye ne-denitrification isindisa i-reactor, ifinyeza isikhathi sokuphendula, inokusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi, isindisa ukutshalwa kwezimali, futhi kulula ukugcina inani le-pH lizinzile.
③Ukugaya ukudla okufushane kanye nokwehlisa i-nitrogen
Ku-reactor efanayo, amabhaktheriya akhipha i-ammonia oxidizing asetshenziselwa uku-oxidation ammonia ibe yi-nitrite ngaphansi kwezimo ze-aerobic, bese i-nitrite i-denitrified ngqo ukuze ikhiqize i-nitrogen ene-organic matter noma umthombo wekhabhoni wangaphandle njengomnikeli wama-electron ngaphansi kwezimo ze-hypoxia. Izici zethonya le-nitrification yebanga elifushane kanye ne-denitrification izinga lokushisa, i-ammonia yamahhala, inani le-pH kanye nomoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe.
Umphumela wokushisa ekufakweni kwe-nitrification yesikhathi esifushane yendle kamasipala ngaphandle kwamanzi olwandle kanye nendle kamasipala enamanzi olwandle angu-30%. Imiphumela yokuhlola ikhombisa ukuthi: endle kamasipala engenamanzi olwandle, ukwandisa izinga lokushisa kusiza ekufinyeleleni i-nitrification yesikhathi esifushane. Uma ingxenye yamanzi olwandle endle yasekhaya ingu-30%, i-nitrification yesikhathi esifushane ingatholakala kangcono ngaphansi kwezimo zokushisa eziphakathi nendawo. IDelft University of Technology yathuthukisa inqubo ye-SHARON, ukusetshenziswa kokushisa okuphezulu (cishe ngo-30-4090) kusiza ekwandeni kwamagciwane e-nitrite, ukuze amagciwane e-nitrite alahlekelwe ukuncintisana, kuyilapho ngokulawula ubudala bodaka ukuze kuqedwe amagciwane e-nitrite, ukuze ukusabela kwe-nitrification esigabeni se-nitrite.
Ngokusekelwe kumehluko wokuhambisana komoya-mpilo phakathi kwamabhaktheriya e-nitrite namabhaktheriya e-nitrite, i-Gent Microbial Ecology Laboratory yathuthukisa inqubo ye-OLAND ukuze kufezwe ukuqongelela kwe-nitrite nitrogen ngokulawula umoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe ukuze kuqedwe amagciwane e-nitrite.
Imiphumela yokuhlolwa kokuhlola kokwelashwa kwamanzi angcolile okupheka nge-nitrification yebanga elifushane kanye ne-denitrification ikhombisa ukuthi lapho amazinga e-COD anamandla, i-ammonia nitrogen, i-TN kanye ne-phenol engu-1201.6,510.4,540.1 kanye no-110.4mg/L, amazinga ajwayelekile e-COD ephumayo, i-ammonia nitrogen, i-TN kanye ne-phenol angu-197.1,14.2,181.5 kanye no-0.4mg/L, ngokulandelana. Amazinga okususwa ahambisanayo ayengu-83.6%,97.2%, 66.4% kanye no-99.6%, ngokulandelana.
Inqubo ye-nitrification yebanga elifushane kanye ne-denitrification ayidluli esigabeni se-nitrate, okusindisa umthombo wekhabhoni odingekayo ukuze kususwe i-nitrogen yezinto eziphilayo. Inezinzuzo ezithile zamanzi angcolile e-ammonia nitrogen anesilinganiso esiphansi se-C/N. I-nitrification yebanga elifushane kanye ne-denitrification inezinzuzo zokungcola okuncane, isikhathi esifushane sokuphendula kanye nokonga ivolumu ye-reactor. Kodwa-ke, i-nitrification yebanga elifushane kanye ne-denitrification kudinga ukuqongelela okuzinzile nokuhlala isikhathi eside kwe-nitrite, ngakho-ke indlela yokuvimbela ngempumelelo umsebenzi wamagciwane e-nitrifying iba yisihluthulelo.
④ Ukushiswa kwe-ammonia okubangelwa yi-anaerobic
I-Anaerobic ammoxidation inqubo yokushiswa okuqondile kwe-ammonia nitrogen ibe yi-nitrogen ngamagciwane azenzakalelayo ngaphansi kwesimo se-hypoxia, nge-nitrous nitrogen noma i-nitrous nitrogen njenge-electron acceptor.
Imiphumela yokushisa kanye ne-PH emsebenzini webhayoloji we-anammoX yafundwa. Imiphumela ibonise ukuthi izinga lokushisa lokusabela elifanele kakhulu lalingu-30℃ kanti inani le-pH lalingu-7.8. Kufundwe ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuthi i-anaerobic ammoX reactor isetshenziswe ekwelapheni usawoti ophezulu kanye namanzi angcolile ane-nitrogen amaningi. Imiphumela ibonise ukuthi usawoti ophezulu wawuvimbela kakhulu umsebenzi we-anammoX, futhi lokhu kuvinjelwa kwaguqulwa. Umsebenzi we-anaerobic ammox we-unaerobic sludge ongajwayeleki wawungaphansi ngo-67.5% kunowe-sludge yokulawula ngaphansi kosawoti ongu-30g.L-1(NaC1). Umsebenzi we-anammoX we-sludge engajwayeleki wawungaphansi ngo-45.1% kunowokulawula. Lapho i-sludge engajwayelekile idluliselwa kusuka endaweni enosawoti omningi iye endaweni enosawoti omningi (akukho brine), umsebenzi we-anaerobic ammoX wanda ngo-43.1%. Kodwa-ke, i-reactor ithambekele ekuwohlokeni kokusebenza kwayo uma isebenza ngosawoti omningi isikhathi eside.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nenqubo yendabuko yezinto eziphilayo, i-anaerobic ammoX iwubuchwepheshe bokususa i-nitrogen yezinto eziphilayo obungabizi kakhulu obungenawo umthombo wekhabhoni owengeziwe, isidingo esiphansi se-oxygen, asikho isidingo sama-reagents okudambisa, kanye nokukhiqizwa kodaka okuncane. Okubi nge-anaerobic ammox ukuthi ijubane lokusabela lihamba kancane, ivolumu ye-reactor inkulu, kanti umthombo wekhabhoni awulungele i-anaerobic amMOX, okubaluleke kakhulu ekuxazululeni amanzi angcolile e-ammonia nitrogen ngokubola okungekuhle.
4. inqubo yokuhlukanisa kanye nokumunca i-nitrogen
① indlela yokuhlukanisa ulwelwesi
Indlela yokuhlukanisa ulwelwesi iwukusebenzisa ukuvuleka kolwelwesi okukhethayo ukuze kuhlukaniswe izingxenye eziketshezini, ukuze kufezwe injongo yokususwa kwe-ammonia nitrogen. Kubandakanya i-reverse osmosis, i-nanofiltration, i-deammoniating membrane kanye ne-electrodialysis. Izici ezithinta ukuhlukaniswa kolwelwesi izici zolwelwesi, ingcindezi noma i-voltage, inani le-pH, izinga lokushisa kanye nokuhlushwa kwe-ammonia nitrogen.
Ngokusho kwekhwalithi yamanzi amanzi amdaka e-ammonia nitrogen akhishwa yi-rare earth smelter, ukuhlolwa kwe-reverse osmosis kwenziwa ngamanzi amdaka e-NH4C1 kanye ne-NaCI elingisiwe. Kutholakale ukuthi ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo, i-reverse osmosis inezinga eliphezulu lokususwa kwe-NaCI, kuyilapho i-NHCl inezinga eliphezulu lokukhiqiza amanzi. Izinga lokususwa kwe-NH4C1 lingu-77.3% ngemva kokwelashwa kwe-reverse osmosis, okungasetshenziswa njengokwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka e-ammonia nitrogen. Ubuchwepheshe be-reverse osmosis bungonga amandla, ukuzinza okuhle kokushisa, kodwa ukumelana ne-chlorine, ukumelana nokungcola kubi.
Inqubo yokuhlukanisa i-nanofiltration membrane yamakhemikhali yasetshenziswa ukwelapha i-leachate yokulahla udoti, ukuze u-85% ~ 90% woketshezi olungena emanzini lukhishwe ngokwezinga elijwayelekile, futhi u-0% ~ 15% kuphela woketshezi lwendle oluhlanganisiwe kanye nodaka olubuyiselwe ethangini likadoti. U-Ozturki nabanye baphatha i-leachate yokulahla udoti yase-Odayeri eTurkey nge-nanofiltration membrane, futhi izinga lokususwa kwe-ammonia nitrogen lalingu-72%. I-nanofiltration membrane idinga ingcindezi ephansi kune-reverse osmosis membrane, kulula ukuyisebenzisa.
Uhlelo lokususa i-ammonia luvame ukusetshenziswa ekwelapheni amanzi angcolile nge-nitrogen ephezulu ye-ammonia. I-nitrogen ye-ammonia emanzini inokulinganisela okulandelayo: i-NH4- +OH-= i-NH3+H2O isebenza, amanzi angcolile aqukethe i-ammonia ageleza egobolondweni le-membrane module, kanti uketshezi olumunca i-asidi lugeleza epayipini le-membrane module. Lapho i-PH yamanzi angcolile ikhuphuka noma izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, ukulingana kuzoshintshela kwesokudla, bese i-ammonium ion i-NH4- iba yi-gaseous NH3 yamahhala. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-gaseous NH3 ingangena esigabeni soketshezi lokumunca i-asidi epayipini kusukela esigabeni samanzi angcolile egobolondweni ngama-micropores ebusweni be-fiber engenalutho, emuncwa yisisombululo se-asidi bese iba yi-ionic NH4- ngokushesha. Gcina i-PH yamanzi angcolile ingaphezu kuka-10, kanye nezinga lokushisa lingaphezu kuka-35 ° C (ngaphansi kuka-50 ° C), ukuze i-NH4 esigabeni samanzi angcolile iqhubeke nokuba yi-NH3 ekufudukeni kwesigaba soketshezi lokumunca. Ngenxa yalokho, ukugcwala kwe-ammonia nitrogen ohlangothini lwamanzi amdaka kwehla njalo. Isigaba soketshezi lokumuncwa kwe-asidi, ngoba kukhona i-asidi ne-NH4- kuphela, sakha usawoti we-ammonium omsulwa kakhulu, futhi sifinyelela ukugcwala okuthile ngemva kokujikeleza okuqhubekayo, okungaphinde kusetshenziswe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukusetshenziswa kwalobu buchwepheshe kungathuthukisa kakhulu izinga lokususwa kwe-ammonia nitrogen emanzini amdaka, futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunganciphisa izindleko zokusebenza eziphelele zesistimu yokwelapha amanzi amdaka.
②indlela ye-electrodialysis
I-Electrodialysis iyindlela yokususa izinto eziqinile ezincibilikisiwe ezixazululweni zamanzi ngokusebenzisa i-voltage phakathi kwamabili e-membrane. Ngaphansi kwesenzo se-voltage, ama-ion e-ammonia kanye namanye ama-ion emanzini angcolile e-ammonia-nitrogen acebile nge-membrane emanzini aqongelelwe aqukethe i-ammonia, ukuze kufezwe injongo yokususa.
Indlela ye-electrodialysis yasetshenziswa ukwelapha amanzi angcolile angaphili nge-ammonia nitrogen eningi futhi yathola imiphumela emihle. Kumanzi angcolile e-ammonia nitrogen angu-2000-3000mg /L, izinga lokususwa kwe-ammonia nitrogen lingaba ngaphezu kuka-85%, kanti amanzi e-ammonia agxilile angatholakala ngo-8.9%. Inani likagesi elisetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwe-electrodialysis lilingana nenani le-ammonia nitrogen emanzini angcolile. Ukwelashwa kwamanzi angcolile nge-electrodialysis akunqunyelwe yinani le-pH, izinga lokushisa kanye nengcindezi, futhi kulula ukusebenza.
Izinzuzo zokuhlukaniswa kwe-membrane ukubuyiselwa okuphezulu kwe-ammonia nitrogen, ukusebenza okulula, umphumela wokwelashwa ozinzile kanye nokungabi nokungcola kwesibili. Kodwa-ke, ekwelapheni amanzi angcolile e-ammonia nitrogen aqukethe ukugcwala okuphezulu, ngaphandle kwe-membrane ekhishwe i-ammonia, amanye ama-membrane kulula ukuwakhulisa futhi awavale, futhi ukuvuselelwa kanye nokuwasha emuva kuvame ukwanda, okwandisa izindleko zokwelashwa. Ngakho-ke, le ndlela ifaneleka kakhulu ekwelapheni kwangaphambili noma emanzini angcolile e-ammonia nitrogen aqukethe ukugcwala okuphansi.
③ Indlela yokushintshanisa ama-ion
Indlela yokushintshanisa ama-ion iyindlela yokususa i-ammonia nitrogen emanzini amdaka ngokusebenzisa izinto ezinomumo okhethekile wama-ion e-ammonia. Izinto zomumo ovame ukusetshenziswa yi-activated carbon, i-zeolite, i-montmorillonite kanye ne-exchange resin. I-Zeolite uhlobo lwe-silico-aluminate olunesakhiwo sendawo esinezinhlangothi ezintathu, isakhiwo se-pore esijwayelekile kanye nemigodi, phakathi kwazo i-clinoptilote inamandla okukhetha umumo wama-ion e-ammonia kanye nentengo ephansi, ngakho-ke ivame ukusetshenziswa njengento yomumo wama-ion e-ammonia nitrogen kubunjiniyela. Izici ezithinta umphumela wokwelashwa kwe-clinoptilote zifaka usayizi wezinhlayiya, ukuhlushwa kwe-nitrogen ye-ammonia enamandla, isikhathi sokuxhumana, inani le-pH njalo njalo.
Umphumela wokumuncwa kwe-zeolite ku-ammonia nitrogen usobala, ulandelwa yi-ranite, kanti umphumela wenhlabathi ne-ceramisite awulungile. Indlela eyinhloko yokususa i-ammonia nitrogen ku-zeolite ukushintshana kwama-ion, kanti umphumela wokumuncwa ngokomzimba mncane kakhulu. Umphumela wokumuncwa kwama-ion we-ceramite, inhlabathi kanye ne-ranite ufana nomphumela wokumuncwa ngokomzimba. Amandla okumuncwa kwama-filler amane ehla ngokukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa eliphakathi kuka-15-35℃, futhi anda ngokukhuphuka kwenani le-pH eliphakathi kuka-3-9. Ukulingana kokumuncwa kufinyelelwe ngemuva kokunyakaza kwamahora ayi-6.
Kufundwe ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukususa i-ammonia nitrogen ekungcolisweni kwemfucuza ngokufakwa kwe-zeolite. Imiphumela yokuhlola ikhombisa ukuthi igremu ngayinye ye-zeolite inamandla okungenwa alinganiselwe angu-15.5mg e-ammonia nitrogen, lapho usayizi wezinhlayiya ze-zeolite ungama-mesh angu-30-16, izinga lokususwa kwe-ammonia nitrogen lifinyelela ku-78.5%, futhi ngaphansi kwesikhathi esifanayo sokungenwa, umthamo kanye nosayizi wezinhlayiya ze-zeolite, lapho ukuhlushwa kwe-ammonia nitrogen okunamandla kukhuphuka, izinga lokungenwa liphezulu, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi i-zeolite njenge-adsorbent isuse i-ammonia nitrogen ekungcolisweni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuboniswe ukuthi izinga lokungenwa kwe-ammonia nitrogen yi-zeolite liphansi, futhi kunzima ukuthi i-zeolite ifinyelele amandla okungenwa agcwele ekusebenzeni okusebenzayo.
Umphumela wokususwa kombhede we-zeolite wezinto eziphilayo ku-nitrogen, i-COD kanye nezinye izinto ezingcolisayo emanzini angcolile asemakhaya alinganisiwe wafundwa. Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi izinga lokususwa kwe-ammonia nitrogen ngombhede we-zeolite wezinto eziphilayo lingaphezu kuka-95%, futhi ukususwa kwe-nitrate nitrogen kuthinteka kakhulu isikhathi sokuhlala kwe-hydraulic.
Indlela yokushintshanisa ama-ion inezinzuzo zokutshalwa kwezimali okuncane, inqubo elula, ukusebenza okulula, ukungazweli ebuthi kanye nokushisa, kanye nokusetshenziswa kabusha kwe-zeolite ngokuvuselela. Kodwa-ke, lapho welapha amanzi amdaka e-ammonia nitrogen aqukethe ukugcwala okuphezulu, ukuvuselelwa kwenzeka kaningi, okuletha ukuphazamiseka ekusebenzeni, ngakho-ke kudingeka kuhlanganiswe nezinye izindlela zokwelapha i-ammonia nitrogen, noma kusetshenziswe ukwelapha amanzi amdaka e-ammonia nitrogen aqukethe ukugcwala okuphansi.
Umkhiqizi Nomhlinzeki We-Zeolite Othengiswa Ngobuningi be-4A | EVERBRIGHT (cnchemist.com)